b. 1502
1536 MA thesis "Whatever is from Aristotle is Contrived"
1543 "Dialecticae Paritiones" & "Aristotelicae Animadversiones" "DP" went through several reprintings and reconstructions as Ramus shaped his logic. Became
1543 "Dialecticae Institutiones"
1581 "Scholae Dialecticae"
(banned from teaching philosophy so...)
1545 Elements of Geometry (trans of Euclid into Latin)
1545 Institutiones Oratoriae
1548 Rhetorica (both with Omer Talon, and under his name)
Ramus in a nutshell:
Logic is the first art, the center of liberal studies and the chief instrument of communication. It consists of inventio and dispositio. Inventio is the all the topics and places of investigation, dispositio is anything concerned with the arrangement of material- proposition, syllogism, and method. There are two primary methods of arrangement: from the general to the specific (definitions to examples) and, for a popular audience, the method of prudence, media res.
The First Booke of Dialecticke
(10) Dialeckticke other called Logicke, is an arte which teaches to dispute well. It is divided into two parts: invention, and jugement or disposition.
Invention is the first part of dialectic, which teaches to invent arguments.
An argument is that which is naturally bente to prove or disprove any thing, such as be single reasons separately and by themselves considered.
An argument is either artificial or without art.
Artificial: Simple (primary) or compared (derivative)
Simple: either agreeable or diagreeable
Agreeable: agrees absolutely, or after a certain fashion.
Absolutely:
1) cause and effect. "The cause is that by whose force the thing is: and therefore the first place of invention is the fountain of all the sciences: for the matter is known perfectly, whose cause is understood."
A cause is either a) efficient and material or b) formal and final
a) efficient is a cause from which the thing hathe his being. It is either 1) solitary or 2) joined with others, which may be principal and chief doers, or other helpers and servers of the principal, or 3) works by itself or by accident ("by accident the cause worketh, which by some external power works, as in those things which are done by necessity or by fortune") (p13)
b) formal and final (p15) "The formal cause is that by which the thing hathe his name and being. And therefore everything is distinguished from another by its form. THe thing is also engendered together with the thing itself: as, a reasonable soul is the form of man, for by it Man is man, and is distinguished from all other things"
The final cause is "that for which the thing is made or done. The end of natural things is man, and of man God. Also, every art has the final cause: as, The end of Grammar is to speak congruously, of Rhetoric, eloquentlie, of Logic to dispute well and orderly" (16-7).
2. Effect "that which rises from the cause" (17)
3. The Subject "is that which hath anything adjoined to it, as, the soul is the subject of knowledge, ignorance, virtue, vice, because these are added to the soul, besides the substance of the same.The body is the subject of sickness, health, strength, infirmity, beauty, deformity, and such others...A place is the space in which a thing is contained.." (18)
4. The Adjunct "is that which hath a subject to which it is joined: as, virtue and vice are adjuncts of the body and soul: and to be short all things that do chance to the subject, beside the essence, is called the adjunct: as time, quality, either proper, laughing to men, barking to dogs.." (19)
(disagreeable arguments- those which disprove)
5. Opposites (separated into disparates and contraries) "may not be attributed to one part of one thing after one respect, and at one time" (21)
6. Relatives (contraries) "the relatives are contrary affirmatives" (22)
